All they know in turn
نویسنده
چکیده
This paper studies the reasoning of non-knowledge for multiple agents. In a multi-agent environment, agents may derive knowledge from the observation that other agents do not know a fact. That means normally there does not exist a vector of maximum relations that reflect the minimum knowledge (i.e. only knowing) of all agents. In this paper, we introduce a causal relation to characterize the appropriate order in which we determine the minimum knowledge of each agent. We base our formalism on relational calculus. The technique will be applied to solve the puzzle of Unfaithful Wives. We reveal an assumption about the puzzle that is implicitly used but unnoticed in previous research. It is shown that determining only-knowing in accordance with the causal relation will avoid incorrect reasoning against the assumption.
منابع مشابه
A Critical Study of the Orientalists` Views on the Part of Holy War in Spreading Islam during Prophet`s Lifetime
Rapid spread of Islam in Prophet`s lifetime has attracted the attention of scholars, in particular, that of orientalists. They know the spread of Islam due to numerous agents; yet they know holy war as the main. This paper has presented a classification of orientalists in brief at first and, then, assessed and criticized the view claiming holy war as the main agent. Finally, it deals with the t...
متن کاملRecognizing Stalactites and Stalagmites of ELT Vodcasting in Teacher Education Based on Activity Theory and Visual Thinking Strategies
Teachers need to know new applications for developing online materials and then they should become aware of different ways to present them to online audience. This study tries to help ELT teachers to overcome challenges and difficulties of vodcasting by recognizing their social and biological motives (Activity Theory), and using Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS). It can alter teachers’ negative ...
متن کاملتأملی نو در نظریه عینیت ذات و صفات الهی
Critical investigation of Identity of essence and attributes of GodThe quality of the relationship between essence and attributes of God is one of the most important issues among islamic thinkers. One of the most important theories in this field is the theory of Identity of essence and attributes of God that divided in turn into two branches,I mean, external identification and conceptual ...
متن کاملSatisfaction Function in Present Undesirable Factors
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is an efficient method to perform evaluation of units. In DEA we try to evaluate units with undesirable factors in input & outputs by satisfaction function, testing some models. On the other hand benefiting this concept, we can identify non-efficient units. Also we can recognize why these units are inefficient and calculate the reason of their inefficiency and ho...
متن کاملQuo Bias in the Presence of Individual Specific Uncertainty : Comment
Why do governments so often fail to adopt reforms that economists consider efficiency enhancing? This is the question addressed in an influential paper by Raquel Fernandez and Dani Rodrik (1991). They argue that one of the reasons is that individual winners and losers of reform can often not be identified beforehand. This individual specific uncertainty leads to a bias against reform. Before tu...
متن کاملTiming in conversation: The anticipation of turn endings
We examined how communicators can switch between speaker and listener role with such accurate timing. During conversations, the majority of role transitions happens with a gap or overlap of only a few hundred milliseconds. This suggests that listeners can predict when the turn of the current speaker is going to end. Our hypothesis is that listeners know when a turn ends because they know how it...
متن کامل